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Steel is an iron-carbon alloy with a maximum carbon content of 2% by mass. The steels achieve their intended physical and mechanical properties through various hardening, annealing and tempering processes. It is also possible to harden the edge zone by surface hardening, case hardening or nitriding. Well-known steel grades are structural steels, free-machining steels, case-hardening steels, nitriding steels, tempering steels, tool steels and stainless steels.

Electroplating processes are what are known as electrolytic processes. Electrolytic metal deposition has the disadvantage of producing an uneven coating thickness, i.e. an increase in coating thickness at the outer edges and a decrease in coating thickness within cavities. Long components have a greater coating thickness at their outer ends than in the centre of the component.